Angiosperm Wood - Generic comparison Juglans (Juglandaceae) I. Color A. J. nigra - chocolate (brown/purple/black) colored B. J. cinerea light brown wood & fiber-tracheids II. Texture - rough III. Figure - Even IV. Obscure Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Aromatic VIII. Ring/Semi-ring porous IX. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Tyloses C. Opposite pits D. Radial groups 2-4 X. Rays A. Homocellular B. 4-10 multiseriate XI. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse;diffuse-aggregate;banded B. Marginal XII. Lustrous Carya (Juglandaceae) I. Color A. C. ovata Brown/Red B. C. Illionoensis White/Brown/Grey II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Obscure Rays V. Very Hard VI. Very Heavy VII. Aromatic VIII. Ring/Semi-ring porous IX. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Tyloses C. Radial groups 2-4 X. Rays A. Homocellular B. 4-10 multiseriate XI. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal banded B. Vasicentric B. Marginal XII. Fibers & fiber-tracheids Quercus (Fagaceae) I. Color A. Q. alba - Brown/White B. Q. rubra - Brown/Red/Pink II. Texture - rough III. Figure - Uneven IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Tannic Acid smell VIII. Ring porous IX. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Exclusively solitary (spring wood) C. Radial/oblique (summer wood) D. Q. alba - tyloses, small angular summer wood vessels E. Q. rubra - no tyloses, round summer wood vessels X. Rays A. >=2.5 cm high B. 2 distinct widths C. Homocellular Uniseriate D. Homocellular > 10-seriate XI. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal XII. Fibers & tracheids present Castanea (Fagaceae) I. Color- brown/golden/grey II. Texture - rough III. Figure - Even IV. Obscure Rays V. Soft VI. Light VII. Tannic Acid smell VIII. Ring porous IX. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Radial or oblique groups C. Oval in outline D. Tyloses X. Rays A. Homocellular B. Uniseriate XI. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse B. Paratracheal sparse XII. Vasicentric tracheids in spring wood XIII. Vascular tracheids, fiber-tracheids Fagus (Fagaceae) I. Color- White/Pink/Red/Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Even IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Multiple/simple perforation plates B. Opposite/scalariform pits C. Exclusively solitary D. Tyloses IX. Rays-two types A. Few large homocellular multiseriate B. More numerous heterocellular 1-5-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse XI. Fibers-tracheids present Betula (Betulaceae) I. Color- Red/Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Obscure Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Scalariform perforation plates B. Minute alternate pits IX. Rays-two types A. Homocellular 4-10-seriate B. Homocellular >10-seriate C. Oval ray parenchyma X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse B. Marginal XI. Fiber-tracheids Populus (Salicaceae) I. Color- White/Brown/Yellow/Grey II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Even IV. Obscure Rays V. Soft VI. Light VII. Semi-ring/Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Alternate pits C. Radial groups 2-4 D. Tyloses IX. Rays A. Homocellular uniseriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Absent/Rare B. Boundary XI. Fibers Ulmus (Ulmaceae) I. Color- Brown/Red II. Texture - rough III. Figure - Uneven IV. Obscure Rays V. Soft VI. Light VII. Ring porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Spiral thickenings C. Tyloses D. Undulating tangential clusters in summer wood E. Pore clusters IX. Rays A. Homocellular 4-6-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse B. Paratracheal +-vasicentric in spring wood C. Paratracheal banded confluent in summer wood XI. Tracheids present Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) I. Color- White/Red/Yellow/Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Usually simple, sometime scalariform perforation plates B. Scalariform pits C. Spiral thickening D. Radial clusters IX. Rays A. Heterocellular/homocelluar 2-3-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Boundary XI. Fiber-tracheids Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) I. Color- Brown/Green/Yellow/Pink II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Distinct Rays V. Soft VI. Light VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Scalariform perforation plates B. Scalariform pits - summer wood C. Opposite pits - spring wood D. Clusters/Radial clusters E. Tyloses IX. Rays A. Heterocellular/homocellular 2-3-; 4-10-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Boundary XI. Fiber-tracheids Prunus (Rosaceae) I. Color- Red/Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Even IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Semi-ring porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Spiral thickening C. Clusters of 2-3 D. Alternate pits E. Deposits or gum IX. Rays A. Homocelluar 3-4- sometimes 1-6-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse B. Paratracheal scanty C. Boundary XI. Fiber-tracheids XII. Vertical canals Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae) I. Color- Red/Brown/Grey II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Obscure Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Scalariform perforation plates with >20 bars B. Spiral thickening C. Clusters of 2-3 D. Scalariform pits; opposite pits E. Tyloses IX. Rays A. Heterocellular 2-3-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Absent/Rare B. Apotracheal diffuse C. Paratracheal scanty XI. Fiber-tracheids XII. Vertical canals Acer (Aceraceae) I. Color- White/Brown/Red II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Distinct Rays V. Very Hard - Hard Maples Soft - Soft Maples VI. Heavy -Hard Maples Light - Soft Maples VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Spiral thickening C. Radial groups 2-4 D. Alternate pits IX. Rays A. Two distinct widths - Hard Maples 1. Homocellular Uniseriate 2. Homocellular 3-8-seriate B. Homocelluar 2-5-seriate - Soft Maples X. Axial parenchyma A. Sparse or absent B. Apotracheal diffuse C. Boundary XI. Fibers Platanus (Platanaceae) I. Color- Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Uneven IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Opposite pits C. Tyloses D. Pore clusters IX. Rays A. > 1 mm Homocellular 1-14-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse-aggregate to banded B. Paratracheal scanty XI. Fiber-tracheids Tilia (Tiliaceae) I. Color- White/Yellow/Red/Brown II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Even IV. Obscure Rays V. Soft VI. Light VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Alternate pits C. Clusters D. Spiral thickenings IX. Rays A. Homocellular 4-10-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse-aggregate to banded B. Boundary XI. Fiber-tracheids Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) I. Color- White/Grey II. Texture - smooth III. Figure - Even IV. Distinct Rays V. Hard VI. Heavy VII. Diffuse porous VIII. Vessels A. Scalariform perforation plates with > 20 bars B. Spiral thickening C. Radial chains D. Scalariform pits; opposite pits IX. Rays A.> 1 mm Heterocellular 4-10-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Apotracheal diffuse B. Paratracheal scanty Fraxinus (Oleaceae) I. Color A. White/yellow/brown - Fraxinus sp B. Brown/grey - Fraxinus nigra II. Texture - Rough III. Figure - Uneven IV. Obscure Rays V. Hard - Fraxinus sp Soft - Fraxinus nigra VI. Heavy - Fraxinus sp Light - Fraxinus nigra VII. Ring porous VIII. Vessels A. Simple perforation plates B. Minute pits C. Exclusively solitary D. Tyloses IX. Rays A. Homocelluar 1-3-seriate X. Axial parenchyma A. Paratracheal confluent in summer wood - Fraxinus sp B. Paratracheal vasicentric, rarely confluent in summer wood - Fraxinus nigra A. Boundary XI. Vasicentric tracheids in spring wood XI. Fiber-tracheids