202 General Microbiology II

Domains of Life Forms ... Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Bacteria

• Bacterial Characteristics
  • Structure
    • Prokaryotic

    • Cell walls

    • Membranes

        

    • Ribosomes

    • Chromosomes

    • Plasmids

    • Granules

    • Endospores

    • Capsules

    • Flagella

    • Pili

  • Genetics
    • Gene exchange
      • transformation
      • transduction
      • conjugation

    • Operons

  • Reproduction - binary fission

  • Physiology
    • Physical requirements

    • Absorptive nutrition

    • Metabolism

  • Habitat

  • Importance

• Bacterial Phylogeny
  • Proteobacteria (Kingdom I)
    • Purple Sulfur Bacteria - Chromatium, Halorhodospira, Thiocapsa, Thiococcus, Thiopedia,Thiospirillum

  • Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria - Rhodobacter, Rhodocyclus, Rhodobacter Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodophila

  • Nitrifying Bacteria - Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas
  • Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria - Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa, Thioploca, Thiothrix

  • Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria - Alcaligenes
  • Methanotrophs and Methyltrophs - Methlyosinus, Methylcoccus

  • Pseudomonas and the Pseudomonads - Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Zymomonas

  • Acetic Acid Bacteria (Acetobacteraceae) - Acetobacter, Gluconobacter

  • Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria - Azotobacter, Azomonas

  • Neisseria, Chromobacterium, and Relatives - Neisseria, Chromobacterium

  • Enteric Bacteria - Escherichia, Salmonella, Proteus, Enterobacter

  • Vibrio and Photobacterium - Vibrio, Photobacterium

  • Rickettsias

  • Spirilla - Spirilum, Bdellovibrio, Campylobacter

  • Sheathed Proteobacteria - Sphaerotilus, Leptothrix

  • Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria - Hyphomicrobium, Caulobacter

  • Gliding Myxoacteria - Myxococcus, Stigmatella

  • Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria - Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfuromonas

  • Gram-Positive Bacteria (Kingdom II)
    • Nonsporulating, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Lactic Acid Bacteria) - Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus
    • Endospore-Forming, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Homoacetogenic Bacteria and Heliobacteria) - Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina, Heliobacterium
    • Cell Wall-Less, Low GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: The Mycoplasmas - Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma
    • High GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria - Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Propionibacterium

  • High GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mycobacterium

  • Filamentous, High GC, Gram-Positive Bacteria: The Actinomycetes
    • Nocardioforms

    • Actinomycetes with Multilocular Sporangia

    • Actinoplanetes

    • Streptomyces and Related Genera

    • Maduromycetes

    • Thermonospora and Related Genera

    • Thermoactinomycetes

    • Other Genera

• Cyanobacteria, Prochlorophytes, and Chloroplasts (Kingdom III)
  • Cyanobacteria - Synechococcus, Oscillatoria, Nostoc
  • Prochlorophytes and Chloroplasts - Prochloron, Prochlorothrix

    

• Chlamydia (Kingdom IV) - Chlamydia 

    

• Planctomyces/Pirella (Kingdom V) - Planctomyces, Pirella

• Bacteroides/Flavobacteria (Kingdom VI) - Bacteroides, Cytophaga

• Green Sulfur Bacteria (Kingdom VII) - Chlorobium, Prosthechloris, Chlorochromatium

• Tightly Coiled Bacteria: The Spirochetes (Kingdom VIII) - Spirochaeta, Treponema, Cristispira, Leptospira, Borrelia

    

• Deinococcus (Kingdom IX) - Dienococcus, Thermus

• Green Nonsulfur Bacteria (Kingdom X) - Chloroflexus, Thermomicrobium

• Thermotoga (Kingdom XI)
  • Thermodesulfobacterium (Kingdom XII)
  • Aquifex and Relatives (Kingdom XIII)

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Archaea

• Archaeal Characteristics
  • Structure
    • Prokaryotic

    • Membranes

    • Cell walls

    • Ribosomes

    • Chromosomes

    • Plasmids

    • Granules

    • Endospores

    • Capsules

    • Flagella

    • Pili

  • Genetics
    • Gene exchange

    • Operons

    • Introns and Exons

    • RNA polymerases

  • Reproduction

  • Physiology
    • Physical requirements

    • Absorptive nutrition

    • Metabolism

  • Habitat

  • Importance

• Archaeal Phylogeny
  • Korarchaeota (Kingdom) ... newly discovered extreme thermophiles; most primitive life forms discovered to date

  • Crenarchaeota (Kingdom) ... includes extreme thermophiles and marine cryophiles)
    Thermofilum, Thermoproteus, Pyrodictium, Desulfurococcus, Sulfolobus in addition to a number of as yet unidentified marine Crenarchaeotes

  • Euryarchaeota (Kingdom) ... includes methanogens, sulfur utilizers, extreme thermophiles and extreme halophiles)Methanopyrus, Thermococcus, Methanococcus, Archaeoglobus, Thermoplasma, Methanothermus, Methanobacterium, Methanospirillum, Haloferax, Halococcus, Halobacterium
    • Extreme Halophiles
      • G- rods, cocci, disks, cups, triangles, rectangles

      • Organotrophic aerobes that require very high salt and complex nutrients

      • Hypersaline alkaline aquatic environments

    • Methanogens
      • G+ or G- rods, cocci, spirals, plates

      • Anaerobic, fastidious lithotrophs or organotrophs

      • Environments rich in organic matter

    • Extreme Thermophiles
      • G- rods, discs, filaments, spheres

      • Anaerobic lithotrophs or organotrophs grow above 50C using oxidized sulfur as an electron acceptor

      • Solfatara - hot, acidic soil or water with sulfur

    • Sulfate Reducers
      • Irregular, motile spheres

      • Anaerobic thermophilic (83C optimum for growth), organotrophic sulfur reducing methanogens

      • High-temperature, sulfur-containing environments

    • Wall-Less Archaea
      • No cell wall, triple-layered membrane; spherical below 59C, irregular filaments at or above 59C very small genome; budding

      • Aerobic acidophilic thermophilic organotroph

      • Hot acidic coal refuse piles

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Fungi (Kingdom)

• Fungal Characteristics
  • Structure
    • Eukaryotic

    • Dimorphic - yeasts vs. molds (branched hyphae)

    • Membranes

    • Cell walls - chitin or cellulose

    • Ribosomes

    • Chromosomes

    • Plasmids

    • Capsules

  • Genetics
    • Gene exchange

    • Introns and Exons

  • Reproduction
    • Binary fission

    • Budding

    • Fragmentation of hyphae

    • Spores

  • Physiology
    • Physical requirements - pH ~ 5

    • Absorptive nutrition

    • Metabolism - aerobic mesophilic organotrophs

  • Habitat - dark, moist areas with organic material

  • Importance - symbiotes; saprophytes; used in food production

• Fungal Phylogeny
  • Chytridiomycota
    • Globe-shaped cells with rhizoids

    • Aerobic organotrophs reproduce by spore fusion to form zygotes (sexual) or mitosis (asexual)

    • Saprophytic decomposers or parasites

  • Oomycota
    • Finely branched hyphae with cellulose cell walls

    • Aerobic organotrophs that reproduce via diploid zygotes (sexual) or zoospores (asexual)

    • Aquatic decomposers or parasites (plants, animals)

  • Zygomycota
    • Mycelial aerobic organotrophs that reproduce via zygospores (sexual) or sporangiospores (asexual)

    • Saprophytic decomposers in soil; produce food, pharmaceuticals, alcohols, meat tenderizer, dyes

  • Ascomycota
    • Dimorphic aerobic organotrophs reproduce via ascospores (sexual) or conidiospores (asexual)

    • Saprophytic decomposers in soil; parasites; some edible, some used to produce food

  • Basidiomycota
    • Dimorphic with distinctive fruiting bodies

    • Aerobic organotrophs reproduce via basidiospores (sexual) or budding, fragmentation, spores (asexual)

    • Saprophytic decomposers in soil; some edible, some poisonous, some parasitic

  • Deuteromycota
    • Mycelial aerobic organotrophs reproduce via conidiospores (asexual); sexual cycle not seen

    • Saprophytic decomposers in soil; some used in food or pharmaceuticals production; some toxic or parasitic