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Fungal Movement: The Microscopic Circus

Dr. Nicholas Money with graduate student Levi Yafetto

Fungal Movement. Few scientists are aware of the extraordinary range of movements accomplished by fungi. The speed of these biophysical processes ranges from the slow extension of hyphae accompanying the penetration of plant tissues, to blisteringly fast mechanisms of spore discharge. Current research in the Money lab is concerned with spore discharge in basidiomycete and ascomycete fungi: How do these mechanisms work and how might they have evolved? Experimental approaches include (i) the use of ultra high speed digital video to capture images of spore motion, (ii) the employment of new analytical tools to study the chemical processes that prime these discharge mechanisms, and (iii) mathematical modeling of the launch and subsequent flight of microscopic spores.

Indoor Molds. From first breath to last gasp humans inhale the microscopic spores of fungi, usually to little ill effect. In recent years, however, the spores of indoor molds have acquired a singularly bad reputation. Stories of black molds that plague homes and poison and stupify their inhabitants have swept the nation. Stachybotrys chartarum is a toxin-producing fungus that has been indicted as the worst of all molds. No other fungus produces such a range of toxins in such high concentrations. But despite its unpleasant resume, medical evidence linking Stachybotrys to specific illnesses is sketchy. The way in which people might be exposed to the mycotoxins generated by this fungus is one area of uncertainty, and experiments on conidial dispersal in the Money lab are designed to solve this part of the indoor mold puzzle.

Tucker, K., Stolze, L. L., Kennedy, A.H., and Money, N. P. 2007. Biomechanics of conidial dispersal in the toxic mold Stachybotrys chartarum. Fungal Genetics and Biology 44: 641-647.

Money, N. P. 2007. Biomechanics of invasive hyphal growth. In: Howard, R. J., and Gow, N. A. R., eds. The Mycota, Volume 8, Biology of the Fungal Cell, 2nd edition. Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 237-249.

Money, N. P. 2006. Plagues upon houses and cars: The unnatural history of Meruliporia incrassata, Serpula lacrymans, and Sphaerobolus stellatus. In Gadd, G. M., Watkinson, S. C., Dyer, P., eds., Fungi in the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 289-309.

Moore, D., Pöder, R., Molitoris, H. P., Money, N. P., Figlas, D., and Lebel, T. 2006. Crisis in teaching future generations about fungi. Mycological Research 110: 626-627.

Davis, D. J., Lanter, K., Makselan, S., Bonati, C., Asbrock, P., Ravishankar, J. P., and Money, N. P. 2006. Relationship between temperature optima and secreted protease activities of three Pythium species and pathogenicity toward plant and animal hosts. Mycological Research 110: 96-103.

Pringle, A., Patek, S. N., Fischer, M., Stolze, J., and Money, N. P. 2005. The captured launch of a ballistospore. Mycologia 97: 866-871.

Money, N. P., and Ravishankar, J. P. 2005. Biomechanics of stipe elongation in the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. Mycological Research 109: 628-635.

Money, N. P. 2005. Why picking wild mushrooms may be bad behavior. Mycological Research 109: 131-135.

Money, N. P. 2004. Mushrooms in cyberspace. Nature 431: 32.

Money, N. P., Davis, C. M., Ravishankar, J. P. 2004. Biomechanical evidence for convergent evolution of the invasive growth process among fungi and oomycete water molds. Fungal Genetics and Biology 41: 872-876.

Money, N. P. 2004. The fungal dining habit: a biomechanical perspective. Mycologist 18: 71-76.

Fischer, M., Cox, J., Davis, D. J., Wagner, A., Taylor, R., Huerta, A. J., and Money, N. P. 2004. New information on the mechanism of forcible ascospore discharge from Ascobolus immersus. Fungal Genetics and Biology 41: 698-707.

Money, N. P. 2003. Suicidal mushroom cells. Nature 423: 26.

Money, N. P. 2002. Mushroom stem cells. BioEssays 24: 949-952.

MacDonald, E., Millward, L., Ravishankar, J. P., and Money, N. P. 2002. Biomechanical interaction between hyphae of two Pythium species (Oomycota) and host tissues. Fungal Genetics and Biology 37: 245-249.