414/514 Immunology Principles
415/515 Immunology Principles and Practice
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Sample Questions for Exam 4 (December 16 - Wednesday @ 12:30 pm)
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the letter corresponding to the
ONE answer for each question.
- Which statement about hypersensitivity is
correct?
a. Type III and type II hypersensitivity are similar,
but differ in that type III reactions involve "self" antigens
and type II reactions do not.
b. Mediators of type IV hypersensitivity
include IFN-gamma as well as factors that affect macrophage
chemotaxis or migration.
c. Histamine and leukotrienes, both
released by mast cells, are mediators of inflammation, but
not hypersensitivity reactions.
- Which statement related to vaccines and vaccination is correct?
a. The main strategy in immunization
against viral diseases is to generate as many memory B cells as possible, so responses to infection
will be quicker.
b. Current vaccines used to prevent diseases caused by toxins generally contain
chemically-inactivated toxin, referred to as toxoid.
c. Research has shown that plants genetically-engineered to contain antigens induce tolerance rather than stimulating the immune system when ingested.
MATCHING MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the BEST answer.
An answer may be used more than once within a set of questions.
Answers to questions 3-4:
a. CTLs
b. Macrophages
c. Eosinophils
d. NK cells
e. More than one of these
- Immunity against the larval forms of certain intestinal
parasites can involve the participation of _____, and these
cells also accumulate at sites where atopic hypersensitivity
reactions are occurring so this effect is often used by pathologists
as indicators of this type of hypersensitivity reaction.
- _____ participate in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
(ADCC) by virtue of having FcR and granules that contain
factors that can lyse target cells.
TRUE-FALSE: If a statement is TRUE,
enter A in the blank; if it is FALSE, enter B.
- Arthus reactions are typified by formation of
bulky immune complexes in the kidneys, lungs, and joints, whereas
serum sickness is typified by formation of soluble immune
complexes at a local site of administration of the eliciting dose
of antigen.
- The hemostasis observed in acute inflammatory responses
results from constriction of the arteries and dilation of
the veins in the immediate area, and results in the exudation
of fluid, but not cells, into an area where cell damage
has occurred.
Answering these essay questions will lead you to a better
understanding of the concepts we covered during the fourth section of this
course.
The mythical Gram-negative extracellular bacterium,
Stevensonella pulmonensis, causes a disease called acute
miamitis as the result of its thick capsule and production of
a toxin that causes buildup of fluid in the lungs. Which immune
mechanism(s) would be effective against this bacterium and
why?
- Antibody specific for the toxin would be helpful
because it might neutralize the toxin by preventing its
interaction with cellular targets.
- Activated macrophages would be required because these cells
would be able to prevent intracellular multiplication of this
pathogen.
- Opsonizing antibody specific for capsular antigens might be
helpful because it would be able to enhance phagocytosis of the
bacterium by neutrophils, which could then kill it
intracellularly.
- ADCC mediated by NK cells would be a primary line of
defense against this pathogen because it would provide for its
complement mediated lysis.
Define each of these terms, then briefly explain the relationships among them:
Lymphocyte -
Natural killer (NK) cell -
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) -
Relationships -
Answering these essay questions will lead you to a
better understanding of the concepts we covered during this
course ... and at least one of them will be on the final exam.
Generate a single overview diagram that shows how Th1 and
Th2 cells interact with APCs, B cells, Tc cells, and macrophages
to assist in generation of antibody responses, CTL responses
and activated macrophage responses, respectively. (Note:
Be certain to label each of the cells, indicate the cytokines
involved, and provide brief descriptions of the processes
that occur as a result of each of the interactions.)
Generate a diagram that depicts the events in T cell signaling
(both signal 1 and signal 2) then compare and contrast
(in words) this pathway with the events that occur in B cell
signaling (both signal 1 and signal 2).
Generate a diagram that depicts the events in T cell development
in the thymus, then compare and contrast (in words) this
pathway with the events that occur in B cell development
in the bone marrow.
Describe the process of apoptosis, and then explain how
it is induced and carried out in each of these instances:
a. Positive and negative selection in either T or B cell development
b. Regulation of T cell responses
c. NK cell and CTL function
d. Eosinophil function
Discuss (at the mechanistic level) the role of antigen processing and presentation in determining the outcome of
an immune response against each of these:
a. Extracellular parasite
b. Obligate intracellular parasite
c. Facultative intracellular parasite.
(To answer this question, you will need to choose a specific microbe that is applicable to each of these situations, and you will need to explain, in detail, how the antigen processing pathways used in each instance influence the response.)
Discuss, in general, how receptors function vis-à-vis binding of ligand and initiation of intracellular signaling, then explain how this works for each of these:
a. IFN-gamma receptor
b. TCR
c. BCR and B cell coreceptor
Describe, in detail, the mechanisms involved in generating TCR diversity, then compare and contrast these mechanisms with those involved in generating:
a. BCR diversity
b. MHC diversity
Discuss the relationships between immunoglobulin structures of all five classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) of antibody and the functions that each of these types of antibody can carry out in antibody mediated immunity, including complement interactions.
Discuss the mechanisms or activation and regulation of the three complement activation pathways we discussed in
class, then explain why each of the negative regulatory processes is necessary to prevent hypersensitivity and/or autoimmunity reactions.
Draw a series of four diagrams depicting the events involved in margination
and diapedesis of PMNs. In your diagrams, be sure to include cell surface molecule
interactions, chemokines that influence these interactions, and the process
of diapedesis. Also, be sure to label every component and to include short
descriptions of what is occurring in each diagram. Finally, compare and contrast
this series of events with those that occur during emigration of lymphocytes
from the bloodstream into lymphoid tissue.
Generate a series of four diagrams (one for each major step) depicting the sequence of interactions
involved in activation of a B cell by a Th cell, starting with binding antigen to BCRs, and finishing
with activation of the B cell by cytokines secreted by the Th cell. Be certain that your diagrams are
clearly labeled,
and complete your answer by adding a text description that outlines the mechanisms involved in each step.
To help you prepare for Exam 4, I have scheduled a Review Session in PSN 218 from 2:00 to 3:00 pm
on Friday, December 11.
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© 1996-2009 John R. Stevenson. All Rights
Reserved
Please email
questions and comments to:
John
R. Stevenson, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Miami University
Oxford, Ohio 45056
USA
This document was last modified on Tuesday, 17-Nov-2009 12:04:30 EST